a portal on Southern civil societies HOME ABOUT CONTACT ESPAÑOL Directory NGO sites This site Directory In-depth Reports Campaigns News Books Tools & Services Advanced search Wsis IFIs

In depth I  The water crisis Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation Source: COHRE This essential publication, written in non-legal language, addresses the vital need to demonstrate how human rights can be practically realised in the water and sanitation sector. The Manual demonstrates that implementing the right to water and sanitation is not limited to legal recognition or allocation of funds. Rather, it provides the basis for practical reforms in many areas of water supply and sanitation and in water resource management that can help make the water and sanitation sector operate in a manner that is more pro-poor, accountable and inclusive. February 2008.[see more]   print    send   Correct  ADD YOUR COMMENT >> Since the second half of the 1970s, and in particular since the first major world conference on water (organized in 1977 by the United Nations at Mar del Plata, Argentina), world leaders have been aware of the scale of the problems concerning access to water of sufficient quantity and quality, and of the risks associated with growing shortages and degradation of the supply. The Mar del Plata conference set out the basic facts and made water one of the top issues on the international political agenda. And yet the ‘water crisis’ has continued to worsen. One and a half billion people across the world lack drinking water and another two billion lack clean water generally. In 20 years' time these numbers will have doubled. Agricultural and industrial pollution is degrading the quality of fresh water supplies everywhere. Yet the biggest threat to universal access to clean water and adequate sanitation is not mother nature but corporate globalization. Privatization of water is being aggressively exported to the developing world under the rubric of poverty reduction and debt relief strategies, free trade and economic development. In this context, civil society demands that access to drinking water be recognized as a universal human right, in order to ensure that everyone can benefit from water resources. At the same time, it raises its voice against leaving water exploitation in the hands of private corporations whose only concern is making a profit from such services. For the various civil society movements, the issue of basic services covers a wide range of subject areas, such as accountability and transparency of international government bodies, human rights, poverty alleviation, democratization, national sovereignty, gender equality, debt reduction and cancellation, and environmental protection. The water issue is, in this sense, key to guaranteeing the future of humanity. Versión en español share:   print    send   correct  ADD YOUR COMMENT >>  Key websites  United Nations  Conferences on water  Declarations  Civil society  Gender and water  Privatization  The dam threat  The war for water  Articles and reports  Information resources  Books   In-depth reports Detailed reports on key issues GATS - trade in services A 'development-friendly' agreement, but not necessarily for the poorest countries. Corporate accountability How big business handle big issues like human rights and sustainable development. Wetlands conservation Nearly half of the world’s wetlands have been destroyed, adding yet another threat to to the earth’s ecosystems. The right to adequate housing The right to housing is a basic human right, essential to the fulfilment of a decent life. Millennium Development Goals - MDGs A comprehensive list of resources from the United Nations and civil society organizations. Desertification Over 250 million people are directly affected, and one billion people in over 100 countries are at risk. Rio+10: Earth Summit 2002 Ten years after Rio ’92, is there still an agenda for sustainable development?      Key websites The Water Observatory A site dedicated to providing information and resources to citizens, policy makers, the media, activist and movements working locally and globally on the right to water. World Water Council International Water Policy Think Tank dedicated to strengthening the world water movement for an improved management of the world's water resources. World Water Forum Organized by the World Water Council, it will be held in Japan from March 16-23, 2003. International Water Management Institute A nonprofit scientific research organization focusing on the sustainable use of water and land resources in agriculture and on the water needs of developing countries. The Global Water Partnership A working partnership among all those involved in water management: government agencies, public institutions, private companies, professional organizations, multilateral development agencies and others committed to the Dublin-Rio principles.    United Nations UNEP activities in freshwater Source: UNEP A global portal to authoritative environmental information based on themes and regions. Water Portal Source: UNESCO The Water Portal is intended to enhance access to information related to freshwater available on the World Wide Web. World Water Assessments Programme Source: UNESCO This UN-wide programme seeks to develop the tools and skills needed to achieve a better understanding of those basic processes, management practices and policies that will help improve the supply and quality of global freshwater resources. World Day for Water Source: UNESCO On 22 December 1992 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution by which 22 March of each year was declared World Day for Water. Right to water Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Water for People, Water for Life: the United Nations World Water Development Report Source: UNESCO At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Earth, with its diverse and abundant life forms, including over six billion humans, is facing a serious water crisis. All the signs suggest that it is getting worse and will continue to do so, unless corrective action is taken. This crisis is one of water governance, essentially caused by the ways in which we mismanage water (pdf version). Health, dignity and development: meeting global water and sanitation goals Source: UN Millennium Project Globally, the lack of access to clean water and sanitation facilities results in the deaths of 3,900 children daily. The importance of water and sanitation is recognised in the Millennium Development Goals. What will it take to expand water supply and sanitation coverage to the extent necessary to achieve them? How can water use be optimised to achieve the rest of the Goals? (PDF document). September 2005. World water development report 2006 Source: UNESCO Under the title "Water: a shared responsibility" the 2nd UN World Water Development Report presents a picture of freshwater resources in all regions and most countries of the world as it tracks progress towards the water-related targets of the UN Millennium Development Goals. March 2006. Urgent need to meet MDG water and sanitation targets Source: SUNS online The world is in danger of missing targets for providing clean water and sanitation unless there is a dramatic increase in the pace of work and investment between now and 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF said. September 2006. Beyond scarcity: power, poverty and the global water crisis Source: IPS If the world's growing water crisis remains unresolved (depriving clean water to more than one billion of the world's six billion people) it will jeopardise the UN's longstanding battle to reduce global poverty, hunger and disease by its targeted date of 2015, says the 2006 Human Development Report launcehd by the UN Development Programme (UNDP). November 2006.    Conferences on water Third World Water Forum Source: Choike A special report on the international conference held in Kyoto from 16-23 March 2003. Pan-African Implementation and Partnership Conference on Water African Governments, along with representatives of the international and scientific communities, civil society and the private sector held a meeting to agree on how to turn commitments into action. The Conference took place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 8-13 December 2003. Towards the Fourth World Water Forum Source: World Water Council The 4th World Water Forum will be held in Mexico City in March 2006. A concept paper on the organization and themes of the Forum has been developed based on the consultations and various discussions held so far. This paper provides details on how the principles and overarching theme will be implemented (pdf version). 4th World Water Forum Several non-governmental organisations (NGOs) opposed water privatisation policies which came up at the Fourth World Water Forum that took place in Mexico city, 16-22 March 2006. See the coverage by Choike.    Declarations Montreal Charter on Water and Sanitation Source: ISW International NGO forum in Montreal, 18-20 June 1990, organized by Oxfam and others before the official closing of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade (pdf format; in French, English, and Spanish, in that order). The Strasbourg Declaration Source: Ecen Water, a source of citizenship peace and regional development. European Forum Water, a Source of Citizenship, Peace and Regional Development, held on 12, 13 and 14 February 1998. Paris Declaration on Water and Sustainable Development Source: Waternunc International Conference on Water and Sustainable Development, 19–21 March 1998, organized by the French government in preparation for the Sixth Session of the United Nations CSD. The Hague Declaration on Water Security Second World Water Forum, The Hague, March 2000. The Water Manifesto: the right to life Signed in Lisbon, Valencia (Spain) in 1998, the Water Manifesto is intended to demonstrate symbolically, politically and technically the urgent need for a ‘water revolution’ (which is to promote, consolidate and guarantee constant access to life for all). (Doc format) Water, light, and land for all! Source: International Rivers Network From 21-23 March 2002, men and women representing 98 organizations and communities from 21 countries met, united by their common concern over plans for the construction of dams in different regions. This is the Declaration from the Mesoamerican Forum for Life. Agenda 21 - Chapter 18 Source: United Nations Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources. Social movements' declaration on water at the WSF Caracas 2006 Source: Water not for Sale Building on the work of meetings of previous years, social movements involved in the struggles for the rights to water and against its commoditisation from across the world met at the World Social Forum in Caracas. They succeeded in pooling the work of various workshops and built a common platform which examined regional issues within a global understanding of water. February 2006. Joint declaration of movements in defence of water Source: COMDA Adopted by the civil society alternative meeting and signed by around 300 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from 40 countries, this declaration states that water is a "common good" and access to water is an essential and inalienable right. Now available in English. March 2006. NGOs submitt letter to UN on human right to water Source: Blue Planet Project The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour, has been asked to provide a report regarding the Human Right to Water (HRTW) to the Human Rights Council. Bearing in mind the importance of a strong report from that office, several civil society organizations put forward several points that should be taken into account in the report. April 2007.    Civil society Central American Water Resource Management Network (CARA) CARA aims to improve management and protection of Central American water resources through partnerships and collaboration between water resource professionals from universities, the private sector, non governmental organizations and international funding agencies. Institute of Water and Sanitation Development The Institute aims to assist in the achievement of sustainable development of water resources and waste management through the provision of support to development agencies in Zimbabwe and the Southern Africa region. Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG) PHG protects and develops the water resources of Palestine, through community participation. Gender and Water Alliance (GWA) Research and practical experience from GWA have demonstrated that effective, efficient and equitable water resources management is only achieved when both women and men are involved in integrated water resource management. Rios Vivos Coalition Rios Vivos (Live Rivers) supports not only issues related to the Prata River Basin but, also, acts and articulate in the Amazonian Basin in Brazilian and Bolivian territory. The Coalition has several members from Latin American countries and is a reference for civil society. Rainwater Harvesting Campaign Source: CSE India The mission is to harness the power and knowledge of peoples and communities to revive the ancient wisdom of water harvesting in order to conserve and manage better our fresh water resource. Freshwater Action Network The Freshwater Action Network is a global network of environmental and developmental non-governmental and community based organizations working to strengthen civil society's participation in international water policy formulation. NGO group discussion paper on water, sanitation and human settlements Source: UN-NGLS Issues relating to water, sanitation and human settlements are complex and invariably inter-connected. An overall understanding of how it all functions together is something few can claim to have. An integrated approach is what is essential and the lack thereof is perhaps the biggest barrier to effective implementation (doc version). Latin American Water Tribunal The Water Tribunal is an organization that strives to stimulate the creation of tribunals with strongly based ethical values dedicated to defending the continent's aquatic resources. Non governmental and autonomous organizations in Mexico launch an initiative on the right to water Source: DESC-Net On 5 December 2004, in the zócalo of Mexico City, the endorsing organizations, including non governmental and autonomous organizations, launched an initiative on the Right to Water in order to start a process of reflection regarding water related issues from a human rights perspective. December 2004. To defend water is to defend life Source: Choike Once again, water becomes an important issue at the World Social Forum that is taking place in Porto Alegre. More than 32 events related to water have been registered in this global forum by non-governmental organizations, social movements, unions, peasants and indigenous groups. In spite of the generalised advance of privatisations promoted by international financial institutions, civil society is celebrating a little great victory: in El Alto, Bolivia, a new government contract with a transnational corporation was cancelled due to popular pressure.    Gender and water Gender, water and poverty: untapped connections Source: WEDO Prabha Khosla and Rebecca Pearl Water is essential to human beings and all forms of life. But pollution and lack of access to clean water is proliferating the cycle of poverty, water-borne diseases, and gender inequities. Key issues, government commitments and actions for sustainable development.    Privatization Water in public hands Source: Public Services International Many organizations encourage developing countries to privatize water. The alternative of a public sector water undertaking is ignored, although public sector water undertakings are the providers of water and sanitation services for the great majority of the population in developed countries. (pdf format) Water in private hands Source: Choike The privatization of water has become a dominant issue in policy discourse in industrialized as well as developing countries. Independent water entrepreneurs in Latin America Source: World Bank This World Bank report offers a first overview of small scale independent providers in six Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Paraguay and Peru. Dirty aid,dirty water Source: World development movement Clare Joy, Peter Hardstaff Water and sanitation privatisation in developing countries has failed time and again and will continue to do so because of a series of fundamental flaws in the premise that multinational companies are well equipped to deliver essential services to the poor. February 2005. PDF document. "El Alto" pledges IFIs to stop promoting water privatization in Bolivia Source: Water for All Campaign The grave mistakes that have been made in the process of privatization in Bolivia, have further contributed to the instability of democracy in the country. International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have played a key role in promoting water privatization in exchange for financial aid thus undermining the people's inniciative to establish a public company to ensure efficiency, transparency and profitability. A letter sent by the federation of neighbours of "El Alto" urges the IFIs to reverse their privatization policy. April 2005. Water privatization in Latin America Source: ALAI The drive to privatize water distribution and resources is gaining steam in Latin America. Although transnational water companies have suffered setbacks in places like Puerto Rico, Bolivia, and Uruguay, they continue with plans to appropriate the region's hydrological resources—rivers, aquifers, wells, and aqueduct systems. While “privatization” has become a loaded term in the water business, companies prefer a softer discourse, employing concepts such as “decentralization,” “civil society participation,” and “sustainable development.” November 2005. The roles of the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO in liberalization and privatization of the water services sector Source: Citizens' Network on Essential Services Nancy Alexander When transnational corporations are responsible for regulation and control of water-related services, governments lose the power to ensure the right to water. Therefore, basic services should be excluded from the jurisdiction of the GATS. (PDF document). November 2005. Water: human right or commodity for trade? Source: Friends of the Earth International Water should be removed from trade liberalization negotiations, and governments must remain free to manage and deliver water as a public service. As part of a report released on the eve of the Hong Kong Ministerial Meeting in Hong Kong, this article looks into de impacts of trade liberalization in water resources worldwide with examples from countries in Africa and Latin America. December 2005. Public water for all: the role of public-public partnerships Source: Transnational Institute Many of the insights in this report emerged during a seminar in Madrid (Spain) on 17-18 November 2005. Here, campaigners, unionists and water professionals representing over fifteen countries from across the globe, came together to discuss progressive public water reforms. (PDF document). March 2006. Pipe dreams: private sector's failed water investments in the South Source: WDM "Providing investment"; "making available the funds needed to connect over a billion people to water and sanitation" was the promise of the private sector on which the last 15 years of donor policy has been based. But we have all been sold a pipe dream says a new report by Public Services International (PSI) that demonstrates that water privatisation has failed to deliver even the investment promised, let alone sufficient investment to connect new communities in the kinds of numbers needed to tackle the global water crisis. (PDF document). March 2006. Water democracy: reclaiming public water in Asia Source: TNI/Focus on the Global South This collection of 19 new essays written by civil society activists, trade unionists and other water practitioners, presents examples of ongoing struggles against water privatization and commercialization as well as inspiring examples of people-centered public water management from across Asia. December 2007.    The dam threat Rivers at Risk: dams and the future of freshwater ecosystems Source: WWF This report analyses the construction and planning of dams on a river basin scale and examines the risks of dams to freshwater ecosystems. It identifies 21 river basins at severe risk of ecological degradation as they have six or more dams over 60 m high planned or under construction in addition to existing dams. Top of the list is the Yangtze River Basin in China with 46 dams, followed by the La Plata River Basin in South America with 27 and the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin with 26, most of these in Turkey. Of particular concern are the cumulative impacts of large numbers of dams in the same basin, especially in smaller basins such as the Salween/Nu River in Myanmar and China (pdf version). June 2004. Major demonstrations in Delhi Source: CACIM Jai Sen Since around March 17, 2006, two independent popular movements in India, the Bhopal movement and the Narmada movement, encamped in New Delhi, holding sit-in demonstrations to voice their respective protests and demands. What these two movements are demanding are not just their issue-based demands, just as they are, but that they be accepted as citizens of the country with a clear and defined role in decision-making that affects their lives; that they are not ‘clients’ or customers, or patients, and that the government is accountable and answerable to them; that they have a fundamental right to a place to live in security and dignity, and that it is the government’s constitutional obligation not to provide this but to guarantee that they can have this; and that the paramount accountability of the government is to its people. April 2006.    The war for water Water tensions and water conflicts: 'merchandising water', the catalyst Source: Networkideas Mohan G. Francis Water tensions and water conflicts are increasing with the rapid conversion of water from a fundamental right and necessity for survival to a product of profit in the market (pdf format). The battle for water Source: Yes Magazine Tony Clarke and Maude Barlow The world is running out of fresh water. By the year 2025, there will be 2.6 billion more people on Earth than there are today. As many as two-thirds of those people will be living in conditions of serious water shortage, and one-third will be living with absolute water scarcity. Demand for water will exceed availability by 56 percent. Wars for water: how a vital resource is being privatised and becoming scarce Source: Stuttgart Waterforum Jens Loewe Water-supplies should be regarded as being so highly sensitive, that they must in no way be included in speculative or profit-orientated business deals, because the possible risks involved are unacceptable. This report states that "the only activities which can genuinely be classified as "aid" are those which help the people in a particular region to organise their own water -supply without removing their right of disposal". Water and war Source: Our Planet Steve Lonergan Problems of water scarcity and water pollution affect human and ecosystem health, and hinder economic and agricultural development. Local and regional problems, in turn, may affect the rest of the world by threatening food supplies and global economic development. May 2005. Water could become major catalyst for conflict Source: RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty This article underlines the possibility that water, rather than oil, becomes the world's next biggest catalyst for conflict. How such potential conflicts can be resolved is a problem facing international organizations and security experts. September 2005.    Articles and reports Dealing with drought: find more water or need less Source: IWMI When water becomes scarce, farmers have two options: find new sources of irrigation water or find ways of minimizing irrigation demand. In both the Turkey and Sri Lanka cases, farmers pursued a dual strategy. The Water Crisis: analysis and proposals Source: Third World Network Celine Tan The challenge of providing safe and clean water and sanitary conditions for an increasing world population, in the face of rising inequities, is phenomenal. Dying for a drink of water Source: IFPRI Heidi Fritschel It's easy to declare safe drinking water a basic human right for all, but not so easy to ensure a safe water supply for the more than 1 billion people that still lack it. Running pure: the importance of forest protected areas to drinking water Source: Panda Nigel Dudley and Sue Stolton This report presents arguments for the potential role of protected areas in helping to maintain water supply to major cities. A research report for the World Bank / WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use (pdf version). Global population and water: access and sustainability Source: UNFPA The Population and Development Branch of the United Nations Population Fund prepared this report as a contribution to the dialogue that took place at the Third World Water Forum held in Kyoto, Japan (March 2003), and covers the population, gender and health dimensions related to the ongoing debate on water resources (pdf version). Clean water: a neglected research priority Source: SciDev.net David Dickson Providing adequate supplies of clean drinking water may not be the most exciting challenge facing scientists working in developing countries. But it is certainly one of the most pressing — and, potentially, the most rewarding. Water as a human right? Source: IUCN Environmental Law Programme John Scanlon, Angela Cassar, Noémi Nemes This paper seeks to articulate the issues, and set out the competing arguments and challenges, about the contribution that a human right to water could make to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Investing in water for food, ecosystems and livelihoods Source: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture David Molden and Charlotte de Fraiture Sustainably meeting the food and livelihood needs of a growing population will require some very difficult choices about how water is developed and managed in the next 25 years. More food will be necessary, and more food translates into more water for agriculture. More water for agriculture will in many cases mean less for the environment. So how do you manage water for food and the environment? And how do you do so in a way that also reduces poverty? Discussion draft, August 2004 (pdf version). World water day 2005: the beginning of a decade for action? Source: Choike Water is critical for sustainable development, including environmental integrity and the alleviation of poverty and hunger, and is indispensable for human health and well-being. The United Nations General Assembly at its 58th session in December 2003 agreed to proclaim the years 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, "Water for Life", and beginning with World Water Day, March 22, 2005. Drinking water crisis in Pakistan and the issue of bottled water Source: Swiss Coalition of Development Nils Rosemann This report states that since Nestlé choose Pakistan as country to roadmap its global water strategy in the bottled water market, the ground water level has decreased drying local water provisions, while the use of groundwater obviosuly exceeded the renewable volume. PDF document. Access to water and human health: Global Health Watch report 2005/6 Source: Global Health Watch Access to enough clean water, taken for granted by most people in developed countries, is a matter of life and death for millions. The daily grind of searching for and collecting water is also part of a state of poverty that affects dignity, self-respect and other aspects of well-being that transcend the notion of ‘basic’ needs. (PDF document). July 2005. Water needs the protection of international law Source: Social Watch Report 2005 Rosmarie Bär For almost 30 years the United Nations has been proclaiming the universal right to sufficient clean drinking water. However, over 1.2 billion people still have no access to water. Various non-governmental organizations and movements from the North and the South are now calling for an international water convention under UN auspices in order to secure the binding right to water, to protect water as a public good and a life-sustaining resource, and to press governments into taking appropriate action. September 2005. Half the world’s water under threat Source: GLOBIO The mountains of Asia, including the mighty Himalayas, are facing accelerating threats from a rapid rise in roads, settlements, overgrazing and deforestation experts are warning in a new report. Going public: southern solutions to the global water crisis Source: World Development Movement This report features public water experts from Brazil, Cambodia, India and Uganda, describing in their own words the successes they have had in connecting the poor to clean water. (PDF). March 2007    Information resources International Rivers Network (IRN) IRN supports local communities working to protect their rivers and watersheds. The Water Page Independent initiative dedicated to the promotion of sustainable water resources' management and use. A particular emphasis is placed on the development, utilization and protection of water in Africa and other developing regions. Water and Food Security Country Profiles Source: FAO The Water and Food Security Country Profiles provide focalized information on the state of water resources and food security globally in a country-specific format. Global Water Outlook to 2025 Source: IFPRI New report projects impending water crisis, and solutions to avert it. Third World Centre for Water Management The primary objective of the Centre is generation of new knowledge on efficient water management, synthesis of existing knowledge, and dissemination of this information. Inter-American Water Resources Network The mission of the Network is to build and strengthen water resources partnerships between nations, organizations, and individuals. The Blue Planet Project International effort begun by The Council of Canadians to protect the world's fresh water from the growing threats of trade and privatization. CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food This programme aims to create research-based knowledge and methods for growing more food with less water, and develop a transparent framework for setting targets and monitoring progress. Right to Water Source: Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) The laws and policies of many countries provide scant protection for vulnerable groups. And they are rarely enforced. Water services can be disconnected without notice and without provision of an alternative water supply despite the dire threats to life and health. Water prices can be arbitrarily increased even where water costs constitute the bulk of an individual or family budget. There are an insufficient number of monitoring bodies to ensure the equitable implementation of water policies and provide redress for violations. Access to water and sanitation: a global picture Source: Social Watch Report 2005 This table shows a list of countries rated by their better access to sanitation and improved water resources. (PDF document). September 2005. Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation Source: COHRE There is growing interest in the contributions of human rights to efforts to extend access to water and sanitation, but little practical information is available at present on how this can be achieved. The Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation is designed to assist policy makers and practitioners in implementing the human right to water and sanitation. The Manual addresses issues common to most economic, social and cultural rights, including how to operationalise the requirements of non-discrimination and attention to vulnerable and marginalised groups, participation, international cooperation and affordability within government programmes. The Manual has been produced by the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science and Human Rights Programme and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). February 2008.    Books World water and food to 2025: dealing with scarcity Source: IFPRI Jointly published by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Book: Inside the bottle Source: Polaris Institute This book analizes how four big companies Nestlé, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola and Danone- dominate the bottled water industry today, as well as an exam of key issues of public concern about their operations.

Choike is a project of the Third World Institute supported by Hivos www.choike.org | Contact | Phone / Fax: +598 (2) 412-4224 | Dr. Juan Paullier 977, Montevideo URUGUAY